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Page last updated
Wed 06 Nov 2024

The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves)

FM(U)otW(aolcb) is the web version of the MUSSEL Project Database. Follow the links to browse the data or use the custom Google search field. Either way, you win!

Cladomics pages are experimental — even more so than the rest of this site!

The purpose of the cladomics pages for each genus and family-group level taxon is to provide statistics and references indicating the extent to which published phylogenetic work supports the classification used here.

The Cladomics Summary provides an overview of the number of studies that have included terminal species representing this taxon as well as an indication of how frequently it has been recovered as monophyletic.

Following the summary, the available published clades representing the taxon are listed.

For more information, visit the Cladomics FARQ (frequently asked rhetorical questions) page. Abbreviations for the various statistics are explained on the FARQ!

Search the database pages:

Bivalvia | Unionoida | Unionoidea | Unionidae | Ambleminae

tribe AMBLEMINI Rafinesque, 1820: cladomics
     3 genera

Cladomics Summary

number of species = 16
number of subtaxa (rank: genus) = 3

analyzed in 134 cladograms in 88 publications
maximum number of terminals in an analysis = 5, mean = 1.78
maximum number of subtaxa (genus) in an analysis = 3, mean = 1.43

Basic Monophyly

number of cladograms that test basic monophyly (i.e., more than 1 included species) = 52
maximum number of included terminals = 5, mean = 3.0
maximum number of subtaxa (genus) = 3, mean = 2.12
proportion of cladograms that support basic monophyly = 0.35

Rigorous Monophyly

number of cladograms that test rigorous monophyly = 42
(Rigorous monophyly refers to cladograms with terminal species representing more than one subtaxon (genus) taxon and at least one rigorous outgroup (tribe).
maximum number of included terminals = 5, mean = 3.19
maximum number of subtaxa (genus) = 3, mean = 2.38
proportion of cladograms that support rigorous monophyly = 0.19

Pairwise Cladogram Clustering

The graphs below depict in two dimensions all pair-wise ingroup distances within the cladome. See the Cladmoics FARQ for more information.


PCoA Ordination


NJ tree

Inoue et al., 2018 [Publ 3858], fig. 1_3a-c

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 82 59 3 99 77 4 0.0

*** Top Monophyly Cladogram *** 

  +-------- Reginaia **           
  |                            
  +-------- Amblema **            
  |                            
  |     +-- Quadrulini         
  +-----+                      
  |     +-- Pleurobemini       
--+                            
  |  +----- Popenaiadini       
  |  |                         
  |  |  +-- Dromus             
  |  |  |                      
  |  |  +-- Epioblasma         
  |  |  |                      
  +--+  +-- Glebula            
     |  |                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis_ovata    
     |  |                      
     |  +-- Lampsilis_virescens
     |  |                      
     |  +-- Lemiox             
     +--+                      
        +-- Obliquaria         
        |                      
        +-- Obovaria_olivaria  
        |                      
        +-- Obovaria_unicolor  
        |                      
        +-- Plectomerus **        
        |                      
        +-- Potamilus_alatus   
        |                      
        +-- Potamilus_capax

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 49 52 3 97 85 4 176.0

*** Top Sister-Group Cladogram ***

  +-------------- Quadrulini  
  |                           
--+  +----------- Pleurobemini
  |  |                        
  +--+        +-- Plectomerus ** 
     |  +-----+               
     |  |     +-- Reginaia **    
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Lampsilini  
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini
           +--+               
              +-- Amblema **

Campbell et al., 2005 [Publ 2660], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 49 42 3 97 85 4 173.0 
  +-------------------------- Quadrulini                    
  |                                                         
  |  +----------------------- Pleurobemini                  
--+  |                                                      
  |  |                 +----- Popenaiadini                  
  |  |  +--------------+                                    
  |  |  |              |  +-- Amblema **                       
  +--+  |              +--+                                 
     |  |                 +-- Reginaia **                      
     |  |                                                   
     |  |                 +-- Plectomerus **                   
     |  |  +--------------+                                 
     +--+  |              +-- Toxolasma                     
        |  |                                                
        |  |           +----- Obliquaria                    
        |  |  +--------+                                    
        |  |  |        |  +-- Cyrtonaias                    
        |  |  |        +--+                                 
        |  |  |           +-- Glebula                       
        |  |  |                                             
        +--+  |  +----------- Sagittunio                    
           |  |  |                                          
           |  |  +----------- Leaunio                       
           |  |  |                                          
           |  |  +----------- Potamilus                     
           |  |  |                                          
           |  |  +----------- Hamiota                       
           |  |  |                                          
           |  |  |        +-- Ellipsaria                    
           +--+  +--------+                                 
              |  |        +-- Truncilla                     
              |  |                                          
              |  |     +----- Lampsilis_teres               
              |  +-----+                                    
              |  |     |  +-- Ortmanniana_ligamentina       
              |  |     +--+                                 
              |  |        +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea         
              |  |                                          
              |  |     +----- Villosa                       
              |  +-----+                                    
              |  |     |  +-- Ligumia                       
              |  |     +--+                                 
              |  |        +-- Cambarunio                    
              |  |                                          
              +--+  +-------- Ortmanniana_pectorosa         
                 +--+                                       
                 |  |  +----- Lampsilis_ornata              
                 |  +--+                                    
                 |     |  +-- Lampsilis_cardium             
                 |     +--+                                 
                 |        +-- Lampsilis_ovata               
                 |                                          
                 |  +-------- Obovaria_olivaria             
                 |  |                                       
                 |  +-------- Venustaconcha_ellipsiformis__2
                 +--+                                       
                 |  +-------- Epioblasma                    
                 |  |                                       
                 |  |  +----- Obovaria_unicolor             
                 |  +--+                                    
                 |     |  +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis        
                 |     +--+                                 
                 |        +-- Obovaria_subrotunda           
                 |                                          
                 |        +-- Ptychobranchus                
                 |  +-----+                                 
                 |  |     +-- Venustaconcha_ellipsiformis__1
                 |  |                                       
                 +--+  +----- Medionidus_conradicus         
                    |  |                                    
                    |  |  +-- Lemiox                        
                    +--+--+                                 
                       |  +-- Medionidus_acutissimus        
                       |                                    
                       |  +-- Dromus                        
                       +--+                                 
                          +-- Cyprogenia

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 36 35 3 38 38 4 160.0 
  +-------------------------------- Quadrulini          
  |                                                     
  |                 +-------------- Elliptoideus        
  |  +--------------+                                   
  |  |              |  +----------- Plectomerus **         
--+  |              +--+                                
  |  |                 |  +-------- Obovaria_unicolor   
  |  |                 +--+                             
  |  |                    |  +----- Obovaria_olivaria   
  |  |                    +--+                          
  |  |                       |  +-- Lampsilis           
  +--+                       +--+                       
     |                          +-- Lemiox              
     |                                                  
     |                    +-------- Cyrtonaias          
     |  +-----------------+                             
     |  |                 |  +----- Reginaia **            
     |  |                 +--+                          
     |  |                    |  +-- Popenaiadini        
     +--+                    +--+                       
        |                       +-- Amblema **             
        |                                               
        |  +----------------------- Elliptio            
        |  |                                            
        +--+  +-------------------- Eurynia             
           |  |                                         
           |  |  +----------------- Parvaspina          
           +--+  |                                      
              |  |              +-- Hemistena           
              |  +--------------+                       
              +--+              +-- Plethobasus         
                 |                                      
                 |  +-------------- Pleuronaia          
                 |  |                                   
                 |  |           +-- Pleurobema_cordatum 
                 +--+  +--------+                       
                    |  |        +-- Fusconaia           
                    |  |                                
                    +--+        +-- Pleurobema_stabile  
                       |  +-----+                       
                       |  |     +-- Pleurobema_sintoxia 
                       +--+                             
                          |  +----- Pleurobema_decisum  
                          +--+                          
                             |  +-- Pleurobema_clava    
                             +--+                       
                                +-- Pleurobema_pyriforme

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 11 9 3 37 37 4 171.0 
  +-------------------- Quadrulini  
  |                                 
--+  +----------------- Pleurobemini
  |  |                              
  |  |              +-- Popenaiadini
  +--+  +-----------+               
     |  |           +-- Amblema **     
     |  |                           
     +--+           +-- Cyrtonaias  
        |  +--------+               
        |  |        +-- Reginaia **    
        +--+                        
           |  +-------- Plectomerus ** 
           +--+                     
              |  +----- Lemiox      
              +--+                  
                 |  +-- Lampsilis   
                 +--+               
                    +-- Obovaria

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 11 8 3 37 37 4 169.0 
  +-------------------- Quadrulini  
  |                                 
--+  +----------------- Pleurobemini
  |  |                              
  +--+              +-- Reginaia **    
     |  +-----------+               
     |  |           +-- Amblema **     
     +--+                           
        |  +----------- Popenaiadini
        |  |                        
        +--+  +-------- Cyrtonaias  
           |  |                     
           +--+-------- Plectomerus ** 
              |                     
              |  +----- Lemiox      
              +--+                  
                 |  +-- Lampsilis   
                 +--+               
                    +-- Obovaria

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 4128], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 24 26 2 20 20 3 180.0 
  +----------------------------------------- Quadrulini             
  |                                                                 
--+  +-------------------------------------- Reginaia **               
  |  |                                                              
  +--+  +----------------------------------- Amblema **                
     |  |                                                           
     +--+                                +-- Popenaias              
        |  +-----------------------------+                          
        |  |                             +-- Psoronaias             
        +--+                                                        
           |  +----------------------------- Cyrtonaias_tampicoensis
           |  |                                                     
           +--+  +-------------------------- Ptychobranchus         
              |  |                                                  
              +--+  +----------------------- Ligumia                
                 |  |                                               
                 +--+  +-------------------- Potamilus              
                    |  |                                            
                    +--+  +----------------- Pachynaias             
                       |  |                                         
                       |  |              +-- Epioblasma             
                       +--+  +-----------+                          
                          |  |           +-- Truncilla              
                          |  |                                      
                          +--+           +-- Ortmanniana            
                             |  +--------+                          
                             |  |        +-- Lampsilis              
                             +--+                                   
                                |  +-------- Cambarunio             
                                +--+                                
                                   |  +----- Sphenonaias_microdon__2
                                   +--+                             
                                      |  +-- Cyrtonaias_explicata   
                                      +--+                          
                                         +-- Sphenonaias_microdon__1

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3308], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 11 8 3 37 37 4 172.0 
  +----------------- Quadrulini  
  |                              
--+  +-------------- Pleurobemini
  |  |                           
  |  |           +-- Popenaiadini
  +--+  +--------+               
     |  |        +-- Amblema **     
     |  |                        
     +--+  +-------- Plectomerus ** 
        |  |                     
        |  |     +-- Cyrtonaias  
        +--+-----+               
           |     +-- Reginaia **    
           |                     
           |  +----- Lemiox      
           +--+                  
              |  +-- Lampsilis   
              +--+               
                 +-- Obovaria

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 21 19 3 68 68 4 172.0 
  +----------------------------------- Quadrulini            
  |                                                          
--+  +-------------------------------- Pleurobemini          
  |  |                                                       
  |  |                             +-- Amblema **               
  +--+  +--------------------------+                         
     |  |                          +-- Reginaia **              
     |  |                                                    
     +--+  +-------------------------- Popenaiadini          
        |  |                                                 
        |  |                       +-- Glebula               
        +--+  +--------------------+                         
           |  |                    +-- Paetulunio            
           |  |                                              
           +--+                    +-- Toxolasma             
              |  +-----------------+                         
              |  |                 +-- Plectomerus **           
              |  |                                           
              +--+  +----------------- Obliquaria            
                 |  |                                        
                 |  |           +----- Potamilus             
                 +--+  +--------+                            
                    |  |        |  +-- Dromus                
                    |  |        +--+                         
                    +--+           +-- Lemiox                
                       |                                     
                       |  +----------- Lampsilis_ovata       
                       |  |                                  
                       +--+  +-------- Lampsilis_virescens   
                          |  |                               
                          +--+     +-- Epioblasma            
                             |  +--+                         
                             |  |  +-- Obovaria_arkansasensis
                             +--+                            
                                |  +-- Obovaria_olivaria     
                                +--+                         
                                   +-- Venustaconcha

Campbell & Lydeard, 2012 [Publ 3309], fig. 1-2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 21 15 3 68 68 4 173.0 
  +-------------- Quadrulini  
  |                           
--+  +----------- Pleurobemini
  |  |                        
  +--+        +-- Plectomerus ** 
     |  +-----+               
     |  |     +-- Reginaia **    
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Lampsilini  
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini
           +--+               
              +-- Amblema **

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 4128], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
5 25 16 2 21 21 3 180.0 
  +-------------------------- Quadrulini             
  |                                                  
--+  +----------------------- Reginaia **               
  |  |                                               
  +--+  +-------------------- Amblema **                
     |  |                                            
     |  |                 +-- Popenaias              
     +--+  +--------------+                          
        |  |              +-- Psoronaias             
        |  |                                         
        +--+              +-- Glebula                
           |  +-----------+                          
           |  |           +-- Cyrtonaias_tampicoensis
           |  |                                      
           +--+  +----------- Potamilus              
              |  |                                   
              |  |        +-- Ptychobranchus         
              +--+  +-----+                          
                 |  |     +-- Truncilla              
                 |  |                                
                 |  |  +----- Ortmanniana            
                 +--+  |                             
                    |  +----- Epioblasma             
                    |  |                             
                    |  +----- Lampsilis              
                    |  |                             
                    +--+----- Ligumia                
                       |                             
                       +----- Cambarunio             
                       |                             
                       +----- Pachynaias             
                       |                             
                       |  +-- Cyrtonaias_explicata   
                       +--+                          
                          +-- Sphenonaias

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 2 38 37 3 170.0 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Lampsilini  
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Amblema **     
        +--+               
           +-- Reginaia **

Inoue et al., 2020 [Publ 3941], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 38 38 2 37 36 3 178.0 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Reginaia **    
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Pleurobemini
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Amblema **     
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Pfeiffer et al., 2016 [Publ 3660], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 2 34 33 3 172.0 
                             +-- Amblema **              
  +--------------------------+                        
  |                          +-- Reginaia **             
--+                                                   
  |  +-------------------------- Lampsilini           
  |  |                                                
  +--+  +----------------------- Elliptoideus         
     |  |                                             
     +--+  +-------------------- Quadrulini           
        |  |                                          
        +--+  +----------------- Elliptio             
           |  |                                       
           |  |  +-------------- Parvaspina           
           +--+  |                                    
              |  +-------------- Plethobasus          
              |  |                                    
              |  |           +-- Hemistena            
              +--+-----------+                        
                 |           +-- Eurynia              
                 |                                    
                 |  +----------- Fusconaia            
                 |  |                                 
                 |  |     +----- Pleurobema_riddellii 
                 +--+  +--+                           
                    |  |  |  +-- Pleurobema_sintoxia  
                    |  |  +--+                        
                    +--+     +-- Pleurobema_cordatum  
                       |                              
                       |  +----- Pleuronaia           
                       |  |                           
                       +--+  +-- Pleurobema_pyriforme 
                          |  |                        
                          +--+-- Pleurobema_strodeanum
                             |                        
                             +-- Pleurobema_clava

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3866], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
4 4 2 2 31 30 4 172.0 
  +----------------------------------- Quadrulini             
  |                                                           
--+  +-------------------------------- Pleurobemini           
  |  |                                                        
  |  |                             +-- Amblema **                
  +--+  +--------------------------+                          
     |  |                          +-- Reginaia **               
     |  |                                                     
     +--+                          +-- Popenaias              
        |  +-----------------------+                          
        |  |                       +-- Psoronaias             
        |  |                                                  
        +--+                       +-- Cyrtonaias_tampicoensis
           |  +--------------------+                          
           |  |                    +-- Glebula                
           |  |                                               
           +--+  +-------------------- Potamilus              
              |  |                                            
              |  |                 +-- Truncilla              
              +--+  +--------------+                          
                 |  |              +-- Ptychobranchus         
                 |  |                                         
                 +--+  +-------------- Pachynaias             
                    |  |                                      
                    |  |           +-- Cyrtonaias_explicata   
                    +--+  +--------+                          
                       |  |        +-- Sphenonaias            
                       |  |                                   
                       +--+        +-- Lampsilis              
                          |  +-----+                          
                          |  |     +-- Ortmanniana            
                          +--+                                
                             |  +----- Cambarunio             
                             +--+                             
                                |  +-- Epioblasma             
                                +--+                          
                                   +-- Ligumia

Patterson et al., 2021 [Publ 4222], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 1 1 1 173.0 
  +-- Lampsilini
--+             
  +-- Amblema **

Smith et al., 2019 [Publ 3951], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 40 39 3 38 38 3 180.0 
  +-------------------------------------- Quadrulini             
  |                                                              
  |                                   +-- Amblema **                
--+  +--------------------------------+                          
  |  |                                +-- Reginaia **               
  |  |                                                           
  +--+  +-------------------------------- Plectomerus **            
     |  |                                                        
     |  |  +----------------------------- Toxolasma              
     +--+  |                                                     
        |  |                       +----- Popenaiadini           
        |  |  +--------------------+                             
        +--+  |                    |  +-- Glebula                
           |  |                    +--+                          
           |  |                       +-- Cyrtonaias             
           |  |                                                  
           +--+  +----------------------- Obliquaria             
              |  |                                               
              |  |                    +-- Medionidus             
              |  |                 +--+                          
              |  |                 |  +-- Lemiox                 
              +--+  +--------------+                             
                 |  |              |  +-- Cyprogenia             
                 |  |              +--+                          
                 |  |                 +-- Ptychobranchus         
                 |  |                                            
                 +--+           +-------- Potamilus              
                    |  +--------+                                
                    |  |        |  +----- Atlanticoncha          
                    |  |        +--+                             
                    |  |           |  +-- Ellipsaria             
                    |  |           +--+                          
                    +--+              +-- Truncilla              
                       |                                         
                       |              +-- Hamiota                
                       |  +-----------+                          
                       |  |           +-- Villosa                
                       |  |                                      
                       +--+  +----------- Ligumia                
                          |  |                                   
                          |  |     +----- Venustaconcha          
                          +--+  +--+                             
                             |  |  |  +-- Obovaria               
                             |  |  +--+                          
                             +--+     +-- Epioblasma             
                                |                                
                                |  +----- Ortmanniana_pectorosa  
                                +--+                             
                                   |  +-- Ortmanniana_ligamentina
                                   +--+                          
                                      +-- Lampsilis

Serb et al., 2003 [Publ 2659], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 22 20 3 26 26 3 179.0 
  +-------------------------- Lampsilis   
  |                                       
--+  +----------------------- Potamilus   
  |  |                                    
  |  |                 +----- Medionidus  
  +--+  +--------------+                  
     |  |              |  +-- Dromus      
     |  |              +--+               
     +--+                 +-- Cyprogenia  
        |                                 
        |  +----------------- Obliquaria  
        |  |                              
        +--+  +-------------- Amblema **     
           |  |                           
           |  |        +----- Reginaia **    
           +--+  +-----+                  
              |  |     |  +-- Elliptoideus
              |  |     +--+               
              +--+        +-- Plectomerus ** 
                 |                        
                 |  +-------- Quadrulini  
                 +--+                     
                    |  +----- Hemistena   
                    +--+                  
                       |  +-- Elliptio    
                       +--+               
                          +-- Fusconaia

Burlakova et al., 2012 [Publ 3486], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 41 42 2 38 38 3 165.0 
  +----------- Amblema **     
  |                        
--+        +-- Lampsilis   
  |  +-----+               
  |  |     +-- Plectomerus ** 
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Popenaiadini
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Cyrtonaias  
        +--+               
           +-- Pleurobemini

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 4-5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 3 54 12 4 172.0 
  +-------------- Quadrulini  
  |                           
--+  +----------- Pleurobemini
  |  |                        
  +--+        +-- Popenaiadini
     |  +-----+               
     |  |     +-- Lampsilini  
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Reginaia **    
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Plectomerus ** 
           +--+               
              +-- Amblema **

Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4129], fig. 2-3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 3 25 25 4 172.0 
  +-------------- Quadrulini  
  |                           
--+  +----------- Pleurobemini
  |  |                        
  +--+        +-- Popenaiadini
     |  +-----+               
     |  |     +-- Lampsilini  
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Reginaia **    
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Amblema **     
           +--+               
              +-- Plectomerus **

Serb et al., 2003 [Publ 2659], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 27 18 3 26 26 3 176.0 
  +----------- Lampsilis   
  |                        
  |  +-------- Obliquaria  
  |  |                     
  |  +-------- Amblema **     
  |  |                     
--+  +-------- Reginaia **    
  |  |                     
  |  +-------- Potamilus   
  |  |                     
  |  +-------- Quadrulini  
  |  |                     
  +--+     +-- Elliptoideus
     +-----+               
     |     +-- Plectomerus ** 
     |                     
     |  +----- Medionidus  
     +--+                  
     |  |  +-- Dromus      
     |  +--+               
     |     +-- Cyprogenia  
     |                     
     |  +----- Hemistena   
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Elliptio    
        +--+               
           +-- Fusconaia

Pfeiffer et al., 2019 [Publ 3937], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 3 54 12 4 172.0 
  +-------------- Quadrulini  
  |                           
--+           +-- Popenaiadini
  |  +--------+               
  |  |        +-- Lampsilini  
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Pleurobemini
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Reginaia **    
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Plectomerus ** 
           +--+               
              +-- Amblema **

Smith et al., 2020 [Publ 4129], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 3 25 25 4 172.0 
  +-------------- Quadrulini  
  |                           
--+  +----------- Pleurobemini
  |  |                        
  +--+        +-- Popenaiadini
     |  +-----+               
     |  |     +-- Lampsilini  
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Reginaia **    
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Amblema **     
           +--+               
              +-- Plectomerus **

Inoue et al., 2013 [Publ 3528], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 2 14 12 3 171.0 
              +-- Pleurobemini
  +-----------+               
  |           +-- Quadrulini  
  |                           
--+        +----- Paetulunio  
  |  +-----+                  
  |  |     |  +-- Amblema **     
  |  |     +--+               
  +--+        +-- Reginaia **    
     |                        
     |  +-------- Lampsilis   
     |  |                     
     +--+  +----- Leaunio     
        |  |                  
        +--+----- Obovaria    
           |                  
           |  +-- Villosa     
           +--+               
              +-- Cambarunio

Mulvey et al., 1997 [Publ 3390], fig. 1_3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
3 3 1 1 2 1 1 173.0 
  +-- Quadrulini
--+             
  +-- Amblema **

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2b

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 12 10 3 -- 
  +-------- Lampsilini  
--+                     
  |  +----- Reginaia **    
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Quadrulini  
     +--+               
        +-- Pleurobemini

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2A

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 17 0 2 20 10 3 177.0 
  +-- Gonideini          
  |                      
  +-- Pyganodon_grandis  
  |                      
  +-- Utterbackia        
  |                      
  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta
  |                      
  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
  |                      
  +-- Lampsilis_teres    
  |                      
  +-- Megalonaias        
  |                      
  +-- Obliquaria         
  |                      
--+-- Theliderma         
  |                      
  +-- Quadrula           
  |                      
  +-- Uniomerus          
  |                      
  +-- Amblema **            
  |                      
  +-- Elliptio           
  |                      
  +-- Fusconaia          
  |                      
  +-- Plectomerus **        
  |                      
  +-- Pleurobema         
  |                      
  +-- Unionini

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 16 0 2 196 23 3 183.0 
  +-------------------------- Quadrulini        
  |                                             
--+  +----------------------- Pleurobemini      
  |  |                                          
  +--+  +-------------------- Amblema **           
     |  |                                       
     |  |              +----- Toxolasma         
     +--+  +-----------+                        
        |  |           |  +-- Obliquaria        
        |  |           +--+                     
        |  |              +-- Plectomerus **       
        +--+                                    
           |  +-------------- Potamilus_leptodon
           |  |                                 
           |  |  +----------- Potamilus_alatus  
           +--+  |                              
              |  |  +-------- Venustaconcha     
              |  |  |                           
              +--+  +-------- Leaunio           
                 |  |                           
                 |  |     +-- Ellipsaria        
                 |  +-----+                     
                 +--+     +-- Truncilla         
                    |                           
                    |     +-- Medionidus        
                    +-----+                     
                    |     +-- Ptychobranchus    
                    |                           
                    |  +----- Cambarunio        
                    +--+                        
                       |  +-- Ortmanniana       
                       +--+                     
                          +-- Lampsilis

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 16 0 2 194 23 3 183.0 
  +----------------------------------- Quadrulini        
  |                                                      
--+  +-------------------------------- Pleurobemini      
  |  |                                                   
  +--+  +----------------------------- Amblema **           
     |  |                                                
     +--+  +-------------------------- Toxolasma         
        |  |                                             
        +--+                       +-- Obliquaria        
           |  +--------------------+                     
           |  |                    +-- Plectomerus **       
           +--+                                          
              |  +-------------------- Potamilus_leptodon
              |  |                                       
              +--+  +----------------- Potamilus_alatus  
                 |  |                                    
                 |  |              +-- Medionidus        
                 +--+  +-----------+                     
                    |  |           +-- Ptychobranchus    
                    |  |                                 
                    +--+           +-- Ellipsaria        
                       |  +--------+                     
                       |  |        +-- Truncilla         
                       +--+                              
                          |  +-------- Leaunio           
                          |  |                           
                          +--+     +-- Venustaconcha     
                             |  +--+                     
                             |  |  +-- Cambarunio        
                             +--+                        
                                |  +-- Ortmanniana       
                                +--+                     
                                   +-- Lampsilis

Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2667], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 16 0 2 19 18 4 180.0 
  +-------------- Quadrulini  
--+                           
  |  +----------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Amblema **     
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Plectomerus ** 
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini
           +--+               
              +-- Lampsilini

Curole & Kocher, 2005 [Publ 2682], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 8 0 2 9 7 2 174.0 
  +----------------- Glebula            
  |                                     
--+              +-- Amblema **            
  |  +-----------+                      
  |  |           +-- Quadrulini         
  +--+                                  
     |  +----------- Plectomerus **        
     +--+                               
        |  +-------- Leaunio            
        +--+                            
           |  +----- Lampsilis_straminea
           +--+                         
              |  +-- Lampsilis_teres    
              +--+                      
                 +-- Potamilus

Krebs et al., 2003 [Publ 2691], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 13 0 2 31 19 3 180.0 
                          +-- Megalonaias          
  +-----------------------+                        
  |                       +-- Quadrulina           
  |                                                
  |              +----------- Elliptoideus         
  |  +-----------+                                 
--+  |           |  +-------- Pleurobema           
  |  |           +--+                              
  |  |              |  +----- Uniomerus            
  |  |              +--+                           
  |  |                 |  +-- Fusconaia            
  +--+                 +--+                        
     |                    +-- Eurynia              
     |                                             
     |  +-------------------- Amblema **              
     |  |                                          
     |  |              +----- Toxolasma            
     |  |  +-----------+                           
     +--+  |           |  +-- Plectomerus **          
        |  |           +--+                        
        |  |              +-- Obliquaria           
        |  |                                       
        +--+           +----- Ptychobranchus       
           |  +--------+                           
           |  |        |  +-- Potamilus_fragilis   
           |  |        +--+                        
           |  |           +-- Medionidus           
           +--+                                    
              |           +-- Villosa              
              |  +--------+                        
              |  |        +-- Ellipsaria           
              +--+                                 
                 |  +-------- Lampsilis_teres      
                 +--+                              
                    |  +----- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
                    +--+                           
                       |  +-- Potamilus_purpuratus 
                       +--+                        
                          +-- Potamilus_alatus

Burlakova et al., 2019 [Publ 3899], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 31 0 2 31 31 4 179.0 
  +-------------------------- Quadrulini           
  |                                                
  |  +----------------------- Plectomerus **          
--+  |                                             
  |  |  +-------------------- Popenaiadini         
  |  |  |                                          
  |  |  +-------------------- Pleurobemini         
  +--+  |                                          
     |  |                 +-- Cyrtonaias           
     |  |              +--+                        
     |  |              |  +-- Glebula              
     |  +--------------+                           
     |  |              |  +-- Reginaia **             
     +--+              +--+                        
        |                 +-- Obliquaria           
        |                                          
        |  +----------------- Toxolasma            
        |  |                                       
        |  |  +-------------- Potamilus            
        |  |  |                                    
        |  |  |           +-- Ellipsaria           
        |  |  +-----------+                        
        +--+  |           +-- Truncilla            
           |  |                                    
           |  |        +----- Medionidus           
           |  +--------+                           
           |  |        |  +-- Lemiox               
           |  |        +--+                        
           +--+           +-- Dromus               
              |                                    
              |  +----------- Cambarunio           
              |  |                                 
              |  +----------- Leaunio              
              |  |                                 
              |  +----------- Villosa              
              |  |                                 
              |  |        +-- Sagittunio           
              |  +--------+                        
              +--+        +-- Lampsilis_ovata      
                 |                                 
                 |     +----- Venustaconcha        
                 +-----+                           
                 |     |  +-- Epioblasma           
                 |     +--+                        
                 |        +-- Obovaria             
                 |                                 
                 |  +-------- Lampsilis_teres      
                 +--+                              
                    |  +----- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
                    +--+                           
                       |  +-- Lampsilis_hydiana    
                       +--+                        
                          +-- Lampsilis_straminea

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2a

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 12 10 3 -- 
-- (Reginaia

Porto-Hannes et al., 2021 [Publ 4227], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 13 13 3 -- 
  +-------- Quadrula_quadrula 
  |                           
--+-------- Quadrula_verrucosa
  |                           
  |  +----- Pleurobemini      
  +--+                        
     |  +-- Amblema **           
     +--+                     
        +-- Lampsilini

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 21 0 2 36 27 3 183.0 
  +-------------------------------- Quadrulina           
  |                                                      
--+  +----------------------------- Megalonaias          
  |  |                                                   
  +--+  +-------------------------- Toxolasma            
     |  |                                                
     +--+  +----------------------- Amblema **              
        |  |                                             
        |  |  +-------------------- Pleurobemini         
        +--+  |                                          
           |  |                 +-- Reginaia **             
           |  +-----------------+                        
           +--+                 +-- Obliquaria           
              |                                          
              |  +----------------- Potamilus            
              |  |                                       
              |  |              +-- Ellipsaria           
              +--+  +-----------+                        
                 |  |           +-- Truncilla            
                 |  |                                    
                 +--+  +----------- Lampsilis_cardium    
                    |  |                                 
                    |  |     +----- Ligumia              
                    |  +-----+                           
                    +--+     |  +-- Obovaria             
                       |     +--+                        
                       |        +-- Epioblasma           
                       |                                 
                       |  +-------- Lampsilis_teres      
                       +--+                              
                          |  +----- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
                          +--+                           
                             |  +-- Ortmanniana          
                             +--+                        
                                +-- Lampsilis_higginsii

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 11 0 2 26 16 3 179.0 
              +-- Megalonaias 
  +-----------+               
  |           +-- Quadrulina  
  |                           
--+        +----- Amblema **     
  |  +-----+                  
  |  |     |  +-- Plectomerus ** 
  |  |     +--+               
  +--+        +-- Lampsilini  
     |                        
     |  +-------- Elliptoideus
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Uniomerus   
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Eurynia     
           +--+               
              +-- Pleurobema

Huang et al., 2019 [Publ 3843], fig. S4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 21 0 2 196 23 3 180.0 
  +-------- Amblema **           
  |                           
  +-------- Toxolasma         
  |                           
  +-------- Pleurobemini      
  |                           
  |     +-- Obliquaria        
  +-----+                     
  |     +-- Plectomerus **       
--+                           
  |  +----- Ellipsaria        
  |  |                        
  |  +----- Potamilus_leptodon
  |  |                        
  |  +----- Medionidus        
  |  |                        
  |  +----- Potamilus_alatus  
  |  |                        
  |  +----- Ptychobranchus    
  +--+                        
     +----- Truncilla         
     |                        
     +----- Venustaconcha     
     |                        
     +----- Cambarunio        
     |                        
     +----- Leaunio           
     |                        
     |  +-- Ortmanniana       
     +--+                     
        +-- Lampsilis

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 27 23 3 -- 
  +----------- Megalonaias 
  |                        
--+        +-- Uniomerus   
  |  +-----+               
  |  |     +-- Quadrulina  
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Pleurobemini
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Lampsilini  
        +--+               
           +-- Amblema **

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 10 0 2 32 12 3 178.0 
  +----------------------------- Megalonaias         
  |                                                  
  |                       +----- Elliptoideus        
--+  +--------------------+                          
  |  |                    |  +-- Uniomerus           
  |  |                    +--+                       
  +--+                       +-- Pleurobema          
     |                                               
     |  +----------------------- Amblema **             
     |  |                                            
     +--+                    +-- Obliquaria          
        |  +-----------------+                       
        |  |                 +-- Plectomerus **         
        +--+                                         
           |  +----------------- Medionidus          
           +--+                                      
              |  +-------------- Potamilus_fragilis  
              +--+                                   
                 |  +----------- Ptychobranchus      
                 +--+                                
                    |  +-------- Potamilus_purpuratus
                    +--+                             
                       |  +----- Lampsilis           
                       +--+                          
                          |  +-- Villosa             
                          +--+                       
                             +-- Ellipsaria

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2c

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 12 10 3 -- 
  +-- Reginaia **    
--+               
  +-- Pleurobemini

Huang et al., 2002 [Publ 2657], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 10 0 2 32 12 3 179.0 
  +----------- Megalonaias         
  |                                
  |     +----- Elliptoideus        
  |  +--+                          
--+  |  |  +-- Uniomerus           
  |  |  +--+                       
  |  |     +-- Pleurobema          
  |  |                             
  |  |  +----- Potamilus_fragilis  
  +--+  |                          
     |  +----- Medionidus          
     |  |                          
     |  +----- Amblema **             
     |  |                          
     |  |  +-- Obliquaria          
     +--+--+                       
        |  +-- Plectomerus **         
        |                          
        |  +-- Villosa             
        |  |                       
        |  +-- Ellipsaria          
        |  |                       
        +--+-- Lampsilis           
           |                       
           +-- Potamilus_purpuratus
           |                       
           +-- Ptychobranchus

Rosenberg et al., 1997 [Publ 2720], fig. 2B

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 17 0 2 20 9 3 177.0 
  +-- Gonideini          
  |                      
  +-- Pyganodon_grandis  
  |                      
  +-- Utterbackia        
  |                      
  +-- Pyganodon_cataracta
  |                      
  +-- Lampsilis_straminea
  |                      
  +-- Lampsilis_teres    
  |                      
  +-- Megalonaias        
  |                      
  +-- Obliquaria         
  |                      
--+-- Theliderma         
  |                      
  +-- Quadrula           
  |                      
  +-- Uniomerus          
  |                      
  +-- Amblema **            
  |                      
  +-- Elliptio           
  |                      
  +-- Fusconaia          
  |                      
  +-- Plectomerus **        
  |                      
  +-- Aculamprotula      
  |                      
  +-- Unio

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 26 22 3 -- 
  +-------- Amblema **     
--+                     
  |  +----- Lampsilini  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Pleurobemini
     +--+               
        +-- Quadrulini

Lopes-Lima et al., 2019 [Publ 3901], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 24 20 3 -- 
  +-------- Quadrulini  
--+                     
  |  +----- Amblema **     
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Pleurobemini
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini

Chapman et al., 2008 [Publ 2744], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 16 0 2 19 18 4 180.0 
  +-------------- Quadrulini  
--+                           
  |  +----------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                        
     |  +-------- Amblema **     
     +--+                     
        |  +----- Plectomerus ** 
        +--+                  
           |  +-- Popenaiadini
           +--+               
              +-- Lampsilini

Curole & Kocher, 2005 [Publ 2682], fig. 1-M

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 7 0 2 10 7 2 177.0 
  +-------- Quadrulini 
--+                    
  |  +----- Plectomerus **
  +--+                 
     |  +-- Amblema **    
     +--+              
        +-- Lampsilini

Perkins et al., 2017 [Publ 3777], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 36 0 2 34 34 1 168.0 
  +-- Amblema **     
  |               
--+-- Plectomerus ** 
  |               
  +-- Pleurobemini

Lydeard et al., 2000 [Publ 2654], fig. 2d

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 2 0 1 12 10 3 -- 
  +-------- Reginaia **    
--+                     
  |  +----- Lampsilini  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Quadrulini  
     +--+               
        +-- Pleurobemini

Boyer et al., 2011 [Publ 2718], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 29 0 2 33 27 3 179.0 
  +-------- Reginaia **    
  |                     
--+     +-- Pleurobemini
  |  +--+               
  |  |  +-- Quadrulini  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Amblema **     
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini

Lydeard et al., 1996 [Publ 2656], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
2 11 0 2 25 16 3 179.0 
                          +-- Megalonaias         
  +-----------------------+                       
  |                       +-- Quadrulina          
  |                                               
  |                    +----- Elliptoideus        
--+                    |                          
  |  +-----------------+  +-- Eurynia             
  |  |                 |  |                       
  |  |                 +--+-- Pleurobema          
  |  |                    |                       
  +--+                    +-- Uniomerus           
     |                                            
     |  +-------------------- Amblema **             
     |  |                                         
     +--+                 +-- Plectomerus **         
        |  +--------------+                       
        |  |              +-- Obliquaria          
        +--+                                      
           |  +-------------- Potamilus_fragilis  
           |  |                                   
           +--+  +----------- Ptychobranchus      
              |  |                                
              +--+  +-------- Medionidus          
                 |  |                             
                 +--+  +----- Potamilus_purpuratus
                    |  |                          
                    +--+----- Lampsilis           
                       |                          
                       |  +-- Ellipsaria          
                       +--+                       
                          +-- Villosa

Bolotov et al., 2018 [Publ 3826], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 82 6 3 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata

Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 25 25 2 -- 
  +-- Lampsilini  
  |               
--+-- Plectomerus ** 
  |               
  +-- Pleurobemini

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 4 0 0 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata

Zieritz et al., 2024 [Publ 4381], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 45 1 1 -- 
  +-- Amblema **   
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-aa

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 95 16 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 14 1 1 -- 
  +-- Amblema **   
--+             
  +-- Quadrulini

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 68 11 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Lopes-Lima et al., 2017 [Publ 3745], fig. 1-2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 79 8 3 -- 
     +-- Amblema **     
  +--+               
  |  +-- Lampsilini  
--+                  
  |  +-- Quadrulini  
  +--+               
     +-- Pleurobemini

Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 6

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 25 25 2 -- 
  +-- Lampsilini  
  |               
--+-- Plectomerus ** 
  |               
  +-- Pleurobemini

Neemuchwala et al., 2023 [Publ 4292], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 26 25 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Lampsilini  
        +--+               
           +-- Popenaiadini

Bogan & Hoeh, 2000 [Publ 2650], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 33 10 3 -- 
  +-------- Toxolasma   
  |                     
  +-------- Amblema **     
  |                     
  |     +-- Glebula     
  +-----+               
--+     +-- Cyrtonaias  
  |                     
  |     +-- Quadrulini  
  +-----+               
  |     +-- Pleurobemini
  |                     
  |  +----- Potamilus   
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Ortmanniana 
     +--+               
        +-- Ligumia

Araujo et al., 2017 [Publ 3801], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 13 1 1 -- 
  +-- Amblema **   
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 24 24 3 -- 
  +----------------------- Quadrulini               
  |                                                 
  +----------------------- Plectomerus **              
  |                                                 
  |  +-------------------- Lampsilini               
  |  |                                              
  |  +-------------------- Eurynia                  
  |  |                                              
  |  +-------------------- Fusconaia_cerina         
--+  |                                              
  |  +-------------------- Fusconaia_flava          
  |  |                                              
  |  +-------------------- Hemistena                
  |  |                                              
  |  +-------------------- Plethobasus              
  |  |                                              
  |  +-------------------- Parvaspina               
  |  |                                              
  +--+-------------------- Pleurobema_cordatum      
     |                                              
     +-------------------- Pleuronaia               
     |                                              
     +-------------------- Pleurobema_oviforme__2   
     |                                              
     +-------------------- Pleurobema_stabile       
     |                                              
     +-------------------- Elliptio                 
     |                                              
     |  +----------------- Pleurobema_decisum       
     |  |                                           
     |  +----------------- Pleurobema_sintoxia      
     |  |                                           
     |  +----------------- Pleurobema_clava         
     +--+                                           
        +----------------- Pleurobema_oviforme__1   
        |                                           
        |  +-------------- Pleurobema_beadleianum   
        |  |                                        
        +--+  +----------- Pleurobema_pyriforme     
           |  |                                     
           +--+  +-------- Pleurobema_rubellum      
              |  |                                  
              |  +-------- Pleurobema_hanleyianum__2
              +--+                                  
                 +-------- Pleurobema_georgianum__2 
                 |                                  
                 |  +----- Pleurobema_hanleyianum__1
                 +--+                               
                    |  +-- Pleurobema_georgianum__1 
                    +--+                            
                       +-- Pleurobema_athearni

Breton et al., 2011 [Publ 3376], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 36 17 3 -- 
  +-------- Quadrulini  
--+                     
  |  +----- Pleurobemini
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Reginaia **    
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini

Wu et al., 2023 [Publ 4339], fig. 4_S5-nt

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 95 16 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Matos et al., 2024 [Publ 4384], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 19 0 0 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata

Turner et al., 2000 [Publ 2722], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 13 11 3 -- 
  +----- Lampsilini  
--+                  
  |  +-- Amblema **     
  +--+               
     +-- Pleurobemini

Dai et al., 2024 [Publ 4358], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 51 11 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Manendo et al., 2008 [Publ 2669], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 12 4 2 -- 
  +----- Lampsilini  
--+                  
  |  +-- Amblema **     
  +--+               
     +-- Pleurobemini

Konopleva et al., 2023 [Publ 4269], fig. S1_4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 55 1 1 -- 
  +-- Lampsilini
--+             
  +-- Amblema **

Jadhav & Jamkhedkar, 2009 [Publ 3697], fig. 11

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 24 12 3 -- 
              +----- Eurynia       
  +-----------+                    
  |           |  +-- Cambarunio    
  |           +--+                 
  |              +-- Ptychobranchus
--+                                
  |              +-- Amblema **       
  |  +-----------+                 
  |  |           +-- Pleurobema    
  +--+                             
     |  +----------- Truncilla     
     |  |                          
     +--+        +-- Lampsilis     
        |  +-----+                 
        |  |     +-- Epioblasma    
        +--+                       
           |  +----- Ligumia       
           +--+                    
              |  +-- Obliquaria    
              +--+                 
                 +-- Ortmanniana

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2013 [Publ 3531], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 33 4 3 -- 
  +-------- Quadrulini  
--+                     
  |  +----- Pleurobemini
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Amblema **     
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini

Porto-Hannes et al., 2019 [Publ 3969], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 17 17 1 -- 
  +-- Amblema **   
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8b_S2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 91 16 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Graf & Cummings, 2006 [Publ 1968], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 46 13 3 -- 
  +-------- Quadrulini  
--+                     
  |  +----- Amblema **     
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Pleurobemini
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini

Szumowski et al., 2012 [Publ 3569], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 15 15 1 -- 
  +-- Amblema **   
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Hoeh et al., 1998 [Publ 2695], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 4 0 0 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata

Zieritz et al., 2021 [Publ 4218], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 31 1 1 -- 
  +-- Amblema **   
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Lopes-Lima et al., 2020 [Publ 4080], fig. 2-4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 119 3 3 -- 
  +-- Amblema **     
  |               
  +-- Pleurobemini
--+               
  +-- Lampsilini  
  |               
  +-- Quadrulini

Wu et al., 2024 [Publ 4350], fig. 8a_S1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 91 16 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Keogh & Simons, 2019 [Publ 3935], fig. S1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 9 9 2 -- 
  +----- Lampsilini  
--+                  
  |  +-- Amblema **     
  +--+               
     +-- Pleurobemini

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-BI

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 73 14 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Pfeiffer & Graf, 2015 [Publ 3620], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 39 4 2 -- 
  +----- Quadrulini
--+                
  |  +-- Amblema **   
  +--+             
     +-- Lampsilini

Smith, 2021 [Publ 4331], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 19 8 3 -- 
  +-------- Quadrulini  
--+                     
  |  +----- Pleurobemini
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Amblema **     
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini

Bolotov et al., 2020 [Publ 4084], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 35 6 3 -- 
  +-- Amblema **    
  |              
  +-- Ortmanniana
  |              
  +-- Lampsilis  
  |              
--+-- Cambarunio 
  |              
  +-- Elliptio   
  |              
  +-- Pleurobema 
  |              
  +-- Quadrulini

Inoue et al., 2014 [Publ 3635], fig. 3A

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 19 3 3 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata

Marshall et al., 2014 [Publ 3593], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 13 0 0 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata

Johnson et al., 2018 [Publ 3844], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 15 15 2 -- 
  +----- Amblema **     
--+                  
  |  +-- Pleurobemini
  +--+               
     +-- Quadrulini

Wu et al., 2022 [Publ 4238], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 73 14 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Khalloufi et al., 2011 [Publ 2748], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 10 0 0 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata

Hoeh et al., 2002 [Publ 2653], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 30 10 3 -- 
           +-- Glebula     
  +--------+               
  |        +-- Cyrtonaias  
  |                        
--+  +-------- Toxolasma   
  |  |                     
  |  |  +----- Potamilus   
  |  +--+                  
  +--+  |  +-- Ligumia     
     |  +--+               
     |     +-- Ortmanniana 
     |                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Quadrulini  
        +--+               
           +-- Pleurobemini

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2A

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 29 16 3 -- 
     +-- Quadrulini  
  +--+               
  |  +-- Pleurobemini
--+                  
  |  +-- Amblema **     
  +--+               
     +-- Lampsilini

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 30 10 3 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata

Prié & Puillandre, 2014 [Publ 3529], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 16 0 0 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata

Hoeh et al., 2001 [Publ 2652], fig. 14f4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 30 10 3 -- 
  +-------- Amblema **     
--+                     
  |  +----- Lampsilini  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Quadrulini  
     +--+               
        +-- Pleurobemini

Reis et al., 2013 [Publ 3580], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 13 1 1 -- 
  +-- Amblema **   
--+             
  +-- Quadrulini

Rosenberg et al., 1994 [Publ 2719], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 18 10 3 -- 
-- Plectomerus_dombeyanus

Grobler et al., 2011 [Publ 3359], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 16 16 1 -- 
  +-- Amblema **   
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Burdick & White, 2007 [Publ 2679], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 29 29 2 -- 
  +-------------------------------- Lampsilini            
  |                                                       
--+  +----------------------------- Parvaspina            
  |  |                                                    
  |  |  +-------------------------- Reginaia **              
  +--+  |                                                 
     |  |                    +----- Eurynia               
     |  |  +-----------------+                            
     +--+  |                 |  +-- Plethobasus           
        |  |                 +--+                         
        |  |                    +-- Elliptio              
        |  |                                              
        |  |  +-------------------- Pleurobema_plenum     
        +--+  |                                           
           |  +-------------------- Pleuronaia            
           |  |                                           
           |  |                 +-- Pleurobema_cordatum__1
           |  |           +-----+                         
           |  |           |     +-- Fusconaia             
           +--+  +--------+                               
              |  |        |  +----- Pleurobema_sintoxia__1
              |  |        |  |                            
              |  |        +--+  +-- Pleurobema_cordatum__2
              |  |           |  |                         
              |  |           +--+-- Pleurobema_sintoxia__2
              |  |              |                         
              +--+              +-- Pleurobema_sintoxia__3
                 |                                        
                 |  +-------------- Pleurobema_stabile    
                 |  |                                     
                 |  |           +-- Pleurobema_rubellum   
                 |  |     +-----+                         
                 |  |     |     +-- Pleurobema_strodeanum 
                 +--+  +--+                               
                    |  |  |  +----- Pleurobema_beadleianum
                    |  |  +--+                            
                    |  |     |  +-- Pleurobema_perovatum  
                    |  |     +--+                         
                    +--+        +-- Pleurobema_taitianum  
                       |                                  
                       |        +-- Pleurobema_clava      
                       |  +-----+                         
                       |  |     +-- Pleurobema_oviforme   
                       |  |                               
                       +--+     +-- Pleurobema_decisum    
                          |  +--+                         
                          |  |  +-- Pleurobema_hanleyianum
                          +--+                            
                             |  +-- Pleurobema_pyriforme  
                             +--+                         
                                +-- Pleurobema_georgianum

Porto-Hannes et al., 2021 [Publ 4227], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 10 10 3 -- 
  +-------- Quadrula    
  |                     
--+-------- Pustulosa   
  |                     
  |  +----- Pleurobemini
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Amblema **     
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 55 53 3 -- 
  +-------- Lampsilini  
--+                     
  |  +----- Pleurobemini
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Amblema **     
     +--+               
        +-- Popenaiadini

Perkins et al., 2017 [Publ 3777], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 23 23 2 -- 
  +-- Plectomerus ** 
  |               
--+-- Quadrulini  
  |               
  +-- Pleurobemini

Zanatta & Murphy, 2006 [Publ 2672], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 56 54 3 -- 
  +----- Pleurobemini
  |                  
--+  +-- Amblema **     
  |  |               
  +--+-- Popenaiadini
     |               
     +-- Lampsilini

Wu et al., 2018 [Publ 3836], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 52 8 3 -- 
  +-- Amblema **   
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7A

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 10 0 0 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7C

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 9 0 0 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 138 8 3 -- 
     +-- Amblema **     
  +--+               
  |  +-- Lampsilini  
--+                  
  |  +-- Quadrulini  
  +--+               
     +-- Pleurobemini

Wu et al., 2021 [Publ 4366], fig. 3-ML

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 73 14 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Mejia-Trujillo & Smith, 2022 [Publ 4274], fig. 2-F

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 14 14 4 -- 
     +----------- Toxolasma            
  +--+                                 
  |  |  +-------- Popenaiadini         
  |  +--+                              
  |     |  +----- Amblema **              
  |     +--+                           
--+        |  +-- Quadrulini           
  |        +--+                        
  |           +-- Pleurobemini         
  |                                    
  |  +----------- Potamilus            
  |  |                                 
  +--+        +-- Lampsilis_cardium    
     |  +-----+                        
     |  |     +-- Lampsilis_ornata     
     +--+                              
        |  +----- Venustaconcha        
        +--+                           
           |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
           +--+                        
              +-- Lampsilis_powellii

Dai et al., 2023 [Publ 4285], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 52 14 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Graf, 2002 [Publ 2651], fig. 2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 17 3 2 -- 
  +----- Lampsilini  
--+                  
  |  +-- Pleurobemini
  +--+               
     +-- Amblema **

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S1_1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 75 8 3 -- 
     +-- Amblema **     
  +--+               
  |  +-- Lampsilini  
--+                  
  |  +-- Quadrulini  
  +--+               
     +-- Pleurobemini

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-ML

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 35 4 3 -- 
  +-------- Pleurobemini
--+                     
  |  +----- Quadrulini  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Amblema **     
     +--+               
        +-- Lampsilini

Matos et al., 2024 [Publ 4383], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 19 0 0 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata

Porto-Hannes et al., 2019 [Publ 3969], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 17 17 1 -- 
  +-------------------- Obliquaria           
  |                                          
  +-------------------- Amblema **              
  |                                          
  |  +----------------- Lampsilis_teres      
  |  |                                       
  |  +----------------- Obovaria             
--+  |                                       
  |  |              +-- Leaunio              
  |  +--------------+                        
  |  |              +-- Cambarunio           
  |  |                                       
  |  |        +-------- Ortmanniana          
  |  |        |                              
  +--+--------+     +-- Lampsilis_hydiana    
     |        |  +--+                        
     |        |  |  +-- Lampsilis_virescens  
     |        +--+                           
     |           |  +-- Lampsilis_siliquoidea
     |           +--+                        
     |              +-- Lampsilis_radiata    
     |                                       
     |  +-------------- Lampsilis_bracteata  
     |  |                                    
     +--+  +----------- Lampsilis_ornata     
        |  |                                 
        +--+  +-------- Lampsilis_ovata      
           |  |                              
           +--+  +----- Lampsilis_cardium__3 
              |  |                           
              +--+  +-- Lampsilis_satura     
                 |  |                        
                 +--+-- Lampsilis_cardium__1 
                    |                        
                    +-- Lampsilis_cardium__2

Whelan et al., 2011 [Publ 3380], fig. 1-MP

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 35 4 3 -- 
  +----- Quadrulini  
  |                  
--+----- Pleurobemini
  |                  
  |  +-- Amblema **     
  +--+               
     +-- Lampsilini

Kandl et al., 2001 [Publ 3384], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 8 8 2 -- 
  +-- Amblema **     
  |               
--+-- Quadrulini  
  |               
  +-- Pleurobemini

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3761], fig. S2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 138 8 3 -- 
     +-- Amblema **     
  +--+               
  |  +-- Lampsilini  
--+                  
  |  +-- Quadrulini  
  +--+               
     +-- Pleurobemini

Bolotov et al., 2017 [Publ 3764], fig. S1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 124 8 3 -- 
  +-- Amblema **           
  |                     
  +-- Ortmanniana       
  |                     
  +-- Lampsilis         
  |                     
  +-- Cambarunio        
  |                     
--+-- Elliptio          
  |                     
  +-- Eurynia           
  |                     
  +-- Pleurobema        
  |                     
  +-- Quadrula_quadrula 
  |                     
  +-- Quadrula_verrucosa

Teiga-Teixeira et al., 2020 [Publ 4173], fig. 1

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 18 13 4 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini  
--+                        
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini
  +--+                     
     |  +----- Amblema **     
     +--+                  
        |  +-- Popenaiadini
        +--+               
           +-- Lampsilini

Campbell et al., 2008 [Publ 2675], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 24 24 3 -- 
  +----------- Quadrulini               
  |                                     
  +----------- Plectomerus **              
  |                                     
  |        +-- Elliptio_arctata         
  |  +-----+                            
  |  |     +-- Elliptio_crassidens      
  |  |                                  
  |  |  +----- Pleurobema_decisum       
--+  |  |                               
  |  |  +----- Pleurobema_rubellum      
  |  |  |                               
  |  |  +----- Pleurobema_georgianum__2 
  |  |  |                               
  |  |  +----- Pleurobema_stabile       
  |  |  |                               
  |  |  +----- Pleurobema_pyriforme     
  |  |  |                               
  +--+  +----- Pleurobema_oviforme__2   
     |  |                               
     |  +----- Pleurobema_hanleyianum__2
     |  |                               
     |  +----- Pleuronaia               
     |  |                               
     |  +----- Pleurobema_georgianum__3 
     |  |                               
     |  +----- Pleurobema_cordatum      
     |  |                               
     |  +----- Pleurobema_beadleianum   
     |  |                               
     |  +----- Hemistena                
     +--+                               
        +----- Fusconaia_flava          
        |                               
        +----- Fusconaia_cerina         
        |                               
        +----- Eurynia                  
        |                               
        +----- Elliptio_arca            
        |                               
        +----- Lampsilini               
        |                               
        |  +-- Plethobasus              
        +--+                            
        |  +-- Parvaspina               
        |                               
        |  +-- Pleurobema_sintoxia      
        |  |                            
        +--+-- Pleurobema_oviforme__1   
        |  |                            
        |  +-- Pleurobema_clava         
        |                               
        |  +-- Pleurobema_athearni      
        |  |                            
        +--+-- Pleurobema_georgianum__1 
           |                            
           +-- Pleurobema_hanleyianum__1

Araujo et al., 2009 [Publ 2589], fig. 7B

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 10 0 0 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 46 13 3 -- 
              +-------- Amblema **       
  +-----------+                       
  |           |  +----- Pleurobemini  
  |           +--+                    
  |              |  +-- Obliquaria    
--+              +--+                 
  |                 +-- Quadrulini    
  |                                   
  |  +----------------- Ptychobranchus
  +--+                                
     |  +-------------- Truncilla     
     +--+                             
        |  +----------- Ortmanniana   
        +--+                          
           |  +-------- Lampsilis     
           +--+                       
              |  +----- Cambarunio    
              +--+                    
                 |  +-- Ligumia       
                 +--+                 
                    +-- Epioblasma

Burlakova et al., 2012 [Publ 3486], fig. 3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 35 35 1 -- 
  +-- Plectomerus ** 
--+               
  +-- Pleurobemini

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f3

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 30 10 3 -- 
  +-------- Amblema **     
--+                     
  |  +----- Lampsilini  
  +--+                  
     |  +-- Quadrulini  
     +--+               
        +-- Pleurobemini

Inoue et al., 2014 [Publ 3635], fig. 3B

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 7 0 0 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2648], fig. 2B

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 29 16 3 -- 
     +-- Quadrulini  
  +--+               
  |  +-- Pleurobemini
--+                  
  |  +-- Amblema **     
  +--+               
     +-- Lampsilini

Hoeh et al., 2009 [Publ 2716], fig. 5

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 45 12 3 -- 
           +-- Obliquaria    
  +--------+                 
  |        +-- Quadrulini    
  |                          
--+  +-------- Amblema **       
  |  |                       
  |  +-------- Pleurobemini  
  +--+                       
     |  +----- Truncilla     
     |  |                    
     |  +----- Ptychobranchus
     +--+                    
        |  +-- Ortmanniana   
        |  |                 
        |  +-- Cambarunio    
        +--+                 
           +-- Ligumia       
           |                 
           +-- Epioblasma

Graf & Ó Foighil, 2000 [Publ 2649], fig. 1_2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 10 1 1 -- 
  +-- Amblema **   
--+             
  +-- Lampsilini

Roe & Hoeh, 2003 [Publ 2655], fig. 4f2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 30 10 3 -- 
-- Amblema_plicata

Jeratthitikul et al., 2022 [Publ 4260], fig. S2_2

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 75 8 3 -- 
     +-- Amblema **     
  +--+               
  |  +-- Lampsilini  
--+                  
  |  +-- Quadrulini  
  +--+               
     +-- Pleurobemini

Chase et al., 2018 [Publ 3847], fig. 4

iT tT bi riS oT roT roS iD
1 1 0 1 37 16 3 -- 
-- Reginaia_ebenus

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